--- title: ECTRIMS 2025 --- [![MachineMD\_RGB\_C\_BrightBG](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/MachineMD_RGB_C_BrightBG.svg "MachineMD_RGB_C_BrightBG")](https://www.machinemd.com?hsLang=en) - [neos](https://www.machinemd.com/neos) - [pupillometry](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/quantitative-pupillometry) - [ocular alignment](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/ocular-alignment) - [science](https://www.machinemd.com/science) - [oculometrics](https://www.machinemd.com/oculometrics) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.machinemd.com/multiple-sclerosis) - [Myasthenia Gravis](https://www.machinemd.com/myasthenia-gravis) - [Huntington's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/huntingtons-disease) - [Parkinson's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/parkinsons-disease) - [Progressive Supranuclear Palsy](https://www.machinemd.com/progressive-supranuclear-palsy) - [Alzheimer's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/alzheimers-disease) - [Brain Tumors](https://www.machinemd.com/brain-tumors) - [Stroke](https://www.machinemd.com/stroke) - [Traumatic Brain Injury](https://www.machinemd.com/traumatic-brain-injury) - [Niemann Pick Type C](https://www.machinemd.com/niemann-pick-type-c) - [Gaucher Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/gaucher-disease) - [NAION](https://www.machinemd.com/naion) - [Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension](https://www.machinemd.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension) - [about](https://www.machinemd.com/about) - [news](https://www.machinemd.com/news) - [contact](https://www.machinemd.com/contact) [![MachineMD\_RGB\_C\_DarkBG\[5718\]](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png?width=200&height=26&name=MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png "MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG[5718]")](https://www.machinemd.com?hsLang=en) [![MachineMD\_RGB\_C\_BrightBG](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/MachineMD_RGB_C_BrightBG.svg "MachineMD_RGB_C_BrightBG")](https://machinemd.com?hsLang=en) - [neos](https://www.machinemd.com/neos) - [pupillometry](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/quantitative-pupillometry) - [ocular alignment](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/ocular-alignment) - [science](https://www.machinemd.com/science) - [oculometrics](https://www.machinemd.com/oculometrics) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.machinemd.com/multiple-sclerosis) - [Myasthenia Gravis](https://www.machinemd.com/myasthenia-gravis) - [Huntington's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/huntingtons-disease) - [Parkinson's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/parkinsons-disease) - [Progressive Supranuclear Palsy](https://www.machinemd.com/progressive-supranuclear-palsy) - [Alzheimer's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/alzheimers-disease) - [Brain Tumors](https://www.machinemd.com/brain-tumors) - [Stroke](https://www.machinemd.com/stroke) - [Traumatic Brain Injury](https://www.machinemd.com/traumatic-brain-injury) - [Niemann Pick Type C](https://www.machinemd.com/niemann-pick-type-c) - [Gaucher Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/gaucher-disease) - [NAION](https://www.machinemd.com/naion) - [Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension](https://www.machinemd.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension) - [about](https://www.machinemd.com/about) - [news](https://www.machinemd.com/news) - [contact](https://www.machinemd.com/contact) [![MachineMD\_RGB\_C\_DarkBG\[5718\]](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png?width=200&height=26&name=MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png "MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG[5718]")](https://www.machinemd.com?hsLang=en) - [neos](https://www.machinemd.com/neos) - [pupillometry](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/quantitative-pupillometry) - [ocular alignment](https://www.machinemd.com/neos/ocular-alignment) - [science](https://www.machinemd.com/science) - [oculometrics](https://www.machinemd.com/oculometrics) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.machinemd.com/multiple-sclerosis) - [Myasthenia Gravis](https://www.machinemd.com/myasthenia-gravis) - [Huntington's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/huntingtons-disease) - [Parkinson's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/parkinsons-disease) - [Progressive Supranuclear Palsy](https://www.machinemd.com/progressive-supranuclear-palsy) - [Alzheimer's Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/alzheimers-disease) - [Brain Tumors](https://www.machinemd.com/brain-tumors) - [Stroke](https://www.machinemd.com/stroke) - [Traumatic Brain Injury](https://www.machinemd.com/traumatic-brain-injury) - [Niemann Pick Type C](https://www.machinemd.com/niemann-pick-type-c) - [Gaucher Disease](https://www.machinemd.com/gaucher-disease) - [NAION](https://www.machinemd.com/naion) - [Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension](https://www.machinemd.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension) - [about](https://www.machinemd.com/about) - [news](https://www.machinemd.com/news) - [contact](https://www.machinemd.com/contact) [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/machinemd/) [Follow us on Facebook](https://twitter.com/md_machine) ## Meet us at booth #08 September 24-26, 2025 CCIB Barcelona International Convention Center [![ectrims mMD-1](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/ectrims%20mMD-1.png "ectrims mMD-1")](https://eunos2024.org/) ![62b19116e08d625019b7103a\_Phil Norris-p-500-3](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/62b19116e08d625019b7103a_Phil%20Norris-p-500-3.jpeg)   Phil Norris Chief Commercial Officer - ![62b1900ffd94c5804f75e495\_Dr. Pia Massatsch](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/62b1900ffd94c5804f75e495_Dr.%20Pia%20Massatsch.jpg) Dr. Pia Massatsch Head of Clinical Affairs - ![62b1902a69301e757dfcd981\_Dr. Dominik Brügger](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/62b1902a69301e757dfcd981_Dr.%20Dominik%20Br%C3%BCgger.jpg) Dr. Dominik Brügger Chief Technology Officer - ## Our conference highlight Validation of RAPD  neoscore: A Novel Digital Biomarker for Detecting Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect Presented by Dominik Brügger Paper Poster Session 1 - Wednesday, 24 September 2025 POSTER ID P274 Imaging and Non-imaging Biomarkers - Other Biomarkers ![machineMD Bochum RAPD Poster-ECTRIMS 2025](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/machineMD%20Bochum%20RAPD%20Poster-ECTRIMS%202025.png?width=1285&height=2000&name=machineMD%20Bochum%20RAPD%20Poster-ECTRIMS%202025.png "machineMD Bochum RAPD Poster-ECTRIMS 2025") ## Optic Nerve The fifth topology in the 2024 McDonald diagnostic criteria1 Optic neuritis is one of the most common forms of presentation in multiple sclerosis: in 25% of new MS cases optic neuritis is the initial clinical event. Moreover, studies show that 50-70% of all patients with MS will experience optic neuritis at some stage of the condition. Optic neuritis presents with acute unilateral vision loss2 - 4. Visual field defects are present in almost all patients with optic neuritis (97.5%)2. Relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPD) occur in 96% of acute unilateral optic neuritis cases5, and assessing RAPD is a critical element in the diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis6. [![Learn more](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/19556649/interactive-178053759042.png)](https://www.machinemd.com/hs/cta/wi/redirect?encryptedPayload=AVxigLIvpnnyWVzwVSAKVDwvqliM609k%2BW6%2BeLPRtFgs1gJJqjIxuYqKnRqY6fJaHpQkCzxBVzSoZxGKrKM2kk0mmL5kpOubEFky30as3WgUQp34hzV3%2BjLbGAjKVBMLTISl8nciRBvPMtv8fjOwR5u4rJNSMs6mYpyjRubtX8MdRecdH%2Bj1KSHoQtXqQttFrdOKyF7zlSBXnRql9UhYdUh2pWeaQRY%3D&webInteractiveContentId=178053759042&portalId=19556649&hsLang=en)     The most frequently observed eye movement disorders in MS are saccadic dysmetria (91%), INO (68%), vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormalities and gaze-evoked nystagmus (36%), fixation instability, and impaired smooth pursuit 2,7 . Up to 71% of INOs are not detected in routine clinical assessment8. [![Read a Case Report](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/19556649/interactive-196321088423.png)](https://www.machinemd.com/hs/cta/wi/redirect?encryptedPayload=AVxigLINhIshsd2f0QBi55ssjcUITAXsWmRyd%2B6vWZVFyqU%2F%2BJJdbJzcCmOuKQl%2FGKr1PUOJCXnH41xztJ5NWSBa250HiiHCxaMQ1yehB1GuGa7%2F98s%2F02xzLdNTpZP%2BcaTNwgPTB1t%2B2Qs4Y%2BxV31ZS5geUCCFbCw6kqxBXUb2ptFY%2B2FbyT4SkymgG3x4WnaEMpJQZAUJHS%2B8rrk0skWuy%2BMUQhXhgnKKeJF1Xn95yP8ZIqbBoO7Prl0Ra3QD1SuqEoYQuxB%2Bb%2BS%2BPOKDaF1KGG%2F%2BHiwOv&webInteractiveContentId=196321088423&portalId=19556649&hsLang=en)     1 Montalban, Xavier et al.  Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria. The Lancet Neurology, Volume 24, Issue 10, 850 - 865 2 Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Zee DS, McColl R, Galetta S. The neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(2):111-121.  3 Dhanapalaratnam R, Markoulli M, Krishnan AV. Disorders of vision in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Optom. 2022;105(1):3-12. 4 Sheehy CK, Beaudry-Richard A, Bensinger E, Theis J, Green AJ. Methods to Assess Ocular Motor Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(4):488-493. 5 Cox TA, Thompson HS, Corbett JJ. Relative afferent pupillary defects in optic neuritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;92(5):685-690.  6 Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, et al. Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(12):1120-1134. 7 Niestroy A, Rucker JC, Leigh RJ. Neuro-ophthalmologic aspects of multiple sclerosis: Using eye movements as a clinical and experimental tool. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(3):267-272. 8 Frohman TC, Frohman EM, O'Suilleabhain P, et al. Accuracy of clinical detection of INO in MS: corroboration with quantitative infrared oculography. *Neurology*. 2003;61(6):848-850.  ![neos\_tm](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos_tm.png?width=508&height=164&name=neos_tm.png) 8 exams in under 12 minutes: ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)gaze holding ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)ocular alignment ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)fusional amplitudes ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)saccades ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)smooth pursuit ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)visual field screening ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)afferent pupillary function ![neos check](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/neos%20check.png?width=22&height=20&name=neos%20check.png)efferent pupillary function ![clock\_icon](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/clock_icon.png?width=18&height=20&name=clock_icon.png) Fast    ![brain\_mixorangeblack\_icon](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/brain_mixorangeblack_icon.png?width=21&height=20&name=brain_mixorangeblack_icon.png) Automated    ![data\_icon](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/data_icon.png?width=20&height=20&name=data_icon.png) Quantitative [Download the brochure](https://www.machinemd.com/hubfs/neos%20brochure%20Europe%20RUO%2020240603.pdf?hsLang=en) ## Let's keep in touch! Please share your details with the machineMD team via the form below to learn more about clinical and research possibilities with neos™ ![MachineMD\_RGB\_C\_DarkBG\[5718\]](https://www.machinemd.com/hs-fs/hubfs/MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png?width=200&height=26&name=MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG%5B5718%5D.png "MachineMD_RGB_C_DarkBG[5718]") [career](https://www.machinemd.com/career?hsLang=en) [certifications](https://www.machinemd.com/quality-policy?hsLang=en) [imprint and privacy policy](https://www.machinemd.com/imprint?hsLang=en) [Follow us on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/machinemd) ![](https://f.hubspotusercontent00.net/hubfs/7712601/back-to-top.png) © machineMD AG 2026 | All rights reserved.